Diabetes explained in plain language, by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara, senior consultant https://diabetesacademia.com/feed.xml 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z Dr. Sorin Ioacara https://diabetesacademia.com/dr-sorin-ioacara © 2025-2026 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara. All rights reserved. https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z

A guide to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors: how they work, types of sensors, prescription and use. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/implantable-principle 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z

How the implantable sensor measures glucose: fluorescence of indicator molecules, the transmitter, and no glucose used. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/dr-sorin-ioacara 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z

Dr. Sorin Ioacara, senior consultant in diabetes, nutrition and endocrinology, Associate Professor at Carol Davila University, Bucharest.

https://diabetesacademia.com/questions 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Every question on the site, on one page: search and jump straight to the medically reviewed answer. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm 2026-07-11T00:00:00Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Everything you need to know about type 1 diabetes: causes, autoimmunity, diagnosis, insulin, and daily life.

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/measurement-principle 2026-07-09T00:00:00Z 2026-07-09T00:00:00Z

How a transcutaneous sensor turns glucose into an electric current: the enzyme's role, electrodes and calibration. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/interstitial-fluid 2026-07-08T00:00:00Z 2026-07-08T00:00:00Z

Why the sensor reads glucose from the interstitial fluid rather than from blood, how it gets there, and how faithfully it reflects blood glucose. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Free medical calculators: BMI, HbA1c, unit converter, eGFR (adults and children), FIB-4 and the FINDRISC test. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/egfr 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from serum creatinine, age and sex, with KDIGO stages. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/egfr-children 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Estimate kidney function in children and teens (1–18 years) from height and creatinine, Schwartz formula. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/fib-4 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Work out the FIB-4 index from age, AST, ALT and platelets to check your risk of advanced liver fibrosis. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/findrisc 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z 2026-07-06T00:00:00Z

Validated 8-question quiz: find out your risk of developing type 2 diabetes over the next 10 years. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/bmi 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z

Calculate your body mass index (BMI) and find out which WHO category you fall into. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/hba1c 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z

Convert HbA1c to estimated average glucose (mg/dL, mmol/L) and to mmol/mol (IFCC). – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/calculators/unit-converter 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z 2026-07-05T00:00:00Z

Convert blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and more between mg/dL and SI units. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/components 2026-07-04T00:00:00Z 2026-07-04T00:00:00Z

The three components of a CGM (sensor, transmitter, display device): what each one does and how they communicate. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/monitoring 2026-07-04T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

What a glucose sensor (CGM) is, what it measures, how continuous monitoring works and how it differs from a glucometer. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/integrated 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z

What an integrated glucose sensor (iCGM) is, what interoperability means and what accuracy standards it must meet. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/adjunctive 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z

Adjunctive or non-adjunctive sensor: when you can dose insulin directly from CGM and when to confirm with a glucometer. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/pumps 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z

A guide to insulin pumps: what they are, how they work and how they pair with the glucose sensor in automated systems. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/professional 2026-06-29T00:00:00Z 2026-06-29T00:00:00Z

What a professional glucose sensor is: a clinic-worn, blinded CGM — who owns it, how long it's worn, what it shows. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/prescription 2026-06-27T00:00:00Z 2026-06-27T00:00:00Z

CGM sensors with and without a medical prescription: how they differ, why alarms matter and when you need a prescription. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/weight 2026-06-26T00:00:00Z 2026-06-26T00:00:00Z

How excess weight in children influences the onset of autoimmunity and the speed of progression towards type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/real-time 2026-06-21T00:00:00Z 2026-06-21T00:00:00Z

How real-time glucose sensors differ from intermittently scanned (flash) ones: automatic display, alarms and memory. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/cgms/technology 2026-06-21T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How transcutaneous and implantable glucose sensors differ, and how they are applied, worn and removed. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/autoimmune-diseases 2026-06-20T00:00:00Z 2026-06-20T00:00:00Z

Thyroid disease, celiac disease, Addison and other autoimmune diseases in type 1 diabetes: causes, detection, screening. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/relapse 2026-06-15T00:00:00Z 2026-06-15T00:00:00Z

Why the honeymoon in type 1 diabetes is temporary: immune memory restarts the autoimmune attack on the beta cells. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/insulitis 2026-06-12T00:00:00Z 2026-06-12T00:00:00Z

What insulitis is and how the immune-attacked pancreas looks under the microscope in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/autoimmunity 2026-06-07T00:00:00Z 2026-01-29T00:00:00Z

How the immune system triggers beta-cell destruction in the pancreas and how long it takes in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/mimicry 2026-06-05T00:00:00Z 2026-06-05T00:00:00Z

How viral proteins resembling pancreatic antigens can fool the immune system in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/testing 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z

Who should be tested for autoantibodies, which lab methods exist, and which is the most accurate. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/spreading 2026-05-31T00:00:00Z 2026-05-31T00:00:00Z

Why more autoantibodies appear over time and the order they follow in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/autoantibodies 2026-05-10T00:00:00Z 2026-01-29T00:00:00Z

What autoantibodies are, why they appear, and the four markers specific to type 1 diabetes: GADA, IA-2A, IAA and ZnT8. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/evolution 2026-05-09T00:00:00Z 2026-05-09T00:00:00Z

How insulin needs and sensitivity change over time and when chronic complications may appear. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/stages 2026-05-07T00:00:00Z 2026-01-29T00:00:00Z

The stages of type 1 diabetes, what autoimmune screening is, and who should be tested. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/distinction 2026-05-05T00:00:00Z 2026-01-27T00:00:00Z

How to tell type 1 diabetes apart from type 2, MODY, neonatal diabetes, and secondary diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/lada 2026-05-03T00:00:00Z 2026-05-03T00:00:00Z

What LADA is, why it's called type 1.5 diabetes, and how it differs from type 2 diabetes in adults. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis 2026-05-02T00:00:00Z 2026-05-02T00:00:00Z

What diabetic ketoacidosis is, how often it occurs at onset, the symptoms it causes, and why it can be dangerous. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/psychological-onset 2026-05-02T00:00:00Z 2026-05-02T00:00:00Z

Shock, denial, grief, and anxiety after a type 1 diabetes diagnosis, and how to cope with them. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/onset 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

The main forms of type 1 diabetes onset — classic, silent, or with ketoacidosis — and at what age they appear. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/criteria 2026-04-29T00:00:00Z 2026-04-29T00:00:00Z

Which blood glucose and HbA1c values confirm type 1 diabetes and how many positive tests are needed to diagnose it. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/environment 2026-04-26T00:00:00Z 2026-04-26T00:00:00Z

How season, pollution, pesticides, urbanisation, and climate may affect type 1 diabetes risk. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/microbiome 2026-04-25T00:00:00Z 2026-04-25T00:00:00Z

The link between gut bacteria, caesarean birth, probiotics, and the risk of type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/stress 2026-04-25T00:00:00Z 2026-04-25T00:00:00Z

Whether a major stressful event or chronic stress can trigger or speed up type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/vitamin-d 2026-04-24T00:00:00Z 2026-04-19T00:00:00Z

The role of vitamin D in immunity and whether childhood deficiency raises type 1 diabetes risk. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/nutritional-factors 2026-04-18T00:00:00Z 2026-04-18T00:00:00Z

How a mother's diet during pregnancy and a child's diet in the early years affect the risk of type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/pregnancy/base 2026-04-15T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

What gestational diabetes is, why it develops, in which trimester, and whether it is temporary or permanent. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/secondary/pancreatic 2026-04-15T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or pancreatectomy lead to type 3c diabetes and how it's identified. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t2dm/causes 2026-04-15T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How obesity, heredity, inactivity, age, and ethnicity raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t2dm/description 2026-04-15T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

What type 2 diabetes is, why insulin resistance develops, whether it is reversible, and how it progresses. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/pumps/function 2026-04-13T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How a pump delivers insulin continuously, its components, and how it mimics a healthy pancreas. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/sports 2026-04-13T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How to prepare your glucose for exercise, why it drops during sport, and how to adjust insulin and snacks. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/psychology 2026-04-12T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

Depression, fear of hypoglycemia, and diabetes burnout — how to recognize them and live well with diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/regime 2026-04-12T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

What you can eat, how to count carbs for insulin dosing, and which foods raise glucose quickly. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/remission 2026-04-12T00:00:00Z 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z

What the honeymoon period is, how long it lasts, why insulin needs drop, and when it ends. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/schemes 2026-04-12T00:00:00Z 2026-01-28T00:00:00Z

What basal-bolus means, how many daily injections are needed, and how to adjust your insulin doses. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/support 2026-04-10T00:00:00Z 2026-01-27T00:00:00Z

Whether you still have working beta cells after diagnosis and how to protect them as long as possible in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/isf 2026-04-07T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

What the sensitivity factor is, how to calculate it, and how to safely correct a high blood glucose. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/insulins 2026-04-06T00:00:00Z 2026-01-28T00:00:00Z

The difference between rapid and basal insulin, what analogs are, and how to choose the right type for meals. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/injection 2026-04-05T00:00:00Z 2025-01-15T00:00:00Z

Where and how deep to inject insulin, how to rotate sites, and how to avoid bruising and pain. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/pumps/continuous-infusion 2026-04-02T00:00:00Z 2026-04-02T00:00:00Z

How an insulin pump works, its advantages over the pen, and how to use it during sport or sleep. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/incidence 2026-03-29T00:00:00Z 2026-03-29T00:00:00Z

The difference between incidence and prevalence, the age when type 1 diabetes most often appears, and why it is rising. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/icr 2026-03-28T00:00:00Z 2026-01-30T00:00:00Z

How to work out your mealtime insulin, count carbohydrates, and check your ICR. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/infections 2026-03-21T00:00:00Z 2026-03-21T00:00:00Z

How viruses, especially enteroviruses, may trigger beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/genetics 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

What role HLA genes play and the risk of type 1 diabetes if a parent, brother or sister has the disease. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/mortality 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

Life expectancy in type 1 diabetes, what raises the risk, and how lowering HbA1c cuts mortality. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/perinatal 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

How birth weight, caesarean section, breastfeeding and weaning affect the risk of type 1 diabetes. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/what-is 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

What beta cells are, why the pancreas stops making insulin, and why type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara

https://diabetesacademia.com/t1dm/hba1c 2026-02-08T00:00:00Z 2026-02-08T00:00:00Z

What HbA1c shows, what your target is, how often it is tested, and how it links to your average glucose over 3 months. – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sorin Ioacara